Exploring the Depth of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 Anime
Intro
Fullmetal Alchemist anime, particularly the 2003 adaptation, stands as a singular piece of art in the anime medium. This series captivated audiences with its intricate storytelling and the melding of deep philosophical issues with the journey of its characters. Fans and newcomers alike find common ground in the emotionally charged narrative that intertwines the destinies of the protagonists with the moral dilemmas they face. In this analysis, we will delve into the character arcs that define the series and explore the thematic elements that underpin the storyline, all of which contribute to its enduring popularity.
Character Analysis
Background and Development
At the heart of the 2003 version of Fullmetal Alchemist are Edward and Alphonse Elric. Both brothers share an unbreakable bond that is tested throughout their journey. Their tragic past, stemming from a failed experiment to resurrect their mother using alchemic powers, serves as the catalyst for their motivations. Edward's development is pronounced, transitioning from a brash youth brimming with anger to a character more attuned to the complex moral landscape of their world. Alphonse, though less brash, showcases his own form of growth by grappling with his identity, especially as an armored soul. Their journey is not just physical; it evolves into a profound exploration of self and sacrifice.
Motivations and Goals
The brothers’ primary goal is to restore their bodies, lost due to their failed alchemic attempt. This mission propels them into the heart of various moral quandaries. Edward often acts with a sense of urgency, driven by guilt and the desire to fix their past errors. Alphonse, on the other hand, displays a more philosophical approach, often questioning the ethics of their pursuits. This duality enriches their dynamic, creating tension yet complementing their individual motivations.
"The tragedy of the Elric brothers is not just about loss but about the question of what it means to be human."
Thematic Explorations
Key Themes and Messages
The 2003 adaptation of Fullmetal Alchemist is rich in themes that resonate deeply. One central theme is the concept of sacrifice. The brothers are constantly faced with the ramifications of their quest in a world where every action has an equal and opposite reaction. This idea of equivalency in alchemic theory extends beyond the physical realm, encouraging viewers to consider moral and ethical sacrifices. Another prominent theme is the exploration of humanity. The series frequently questions what constitutes being human, particularly through the characters of scarred soldiers and homunculi.
Cultural Significance
Fullmetal Alchemist's cultural impact cannot be understated. It not only pushed the boundaries of storytelling in anime but also introduced complex characters and dilemmas rarely explored in the medium at that time. The series sparked discussions about morality, ethics, and the consequences of one’s actions, making it a staple for both casual viewers and enthusiasts. It bridged the gap between entertainment and a medium capable of addressing serious philosophical questions, thereby solidifying its place in anime history.
By examining the characters and themes, one begins to see how this adaptation shifted the landscape of anime storytelling, setting a precedent for future works.
Prologue to Fullmetal Alchemist
Fullmetal Alchemist is more than just another anime series; it holds a unique position in the landscape of both anime and manga narratives. This section serves as an essential entry point into understanding the layers of narrative, philosophy, and character development that define the 2003 adaptation. It establishes the groundwork for a deeper exploration into the themes and artistic elements that the series encapsulates.
The significance of Fullmetal Alchemist lies in its ability to address complex subjects such as sacrifice, morality, and the human condition, all framed within a fantastical universe. It invites viewers to engage not only with thrilling adventures but also with ethical dilemmas that resonate beyond the screen. By examining these foundational aspects, readers can better appreciate the artistic choices made by the creators and the profound impact the series has had on its audience.
The Origins of the Series
The origins of Fullmetal Alchemist can be traced back to Hiromu Arakawa's manga, which began serialization in 2001. The series quickly garnered attention for its intricate storytelling and deep character arcs. Arakawa's background and personal experiences contributed significantly to the themes present in the manga. As a storyteller, she addressed her own views on family and loss, which deeply resonated with readers.
When the anime adaptation was produced by BONES in 2003, it sought to encapsulate the essence of the manga while also standing on its own. The early episodes of the series closely followed the source material, giving viewers a strong foundation in the characters and their motivations. Nonetheless, the anime's narrative direction diverged significantly from the manga as it progressed, reflecting changes in both the plot and thematic focus.
Overview of the Anime Adaptation
The 2003 adaptation of Fullmetal Alchemist was notable for its ambitious storytelling and quality animation, a hallmark of the studio BONES. It aired from October 2003 to July 2004, and introduced a broader audience to Arakawa's universe. This adaptation is unique because it explores themes of ethical dilemmas and familial bonds through a fantasy lens, contrasted against a backdrop of rich world-building.
The animation quality and character design contributed to the anime's appeal. With detailed backgrounds and dynamic character movements, it created an engaging visual experience. The adaptation also presented an original ending, diverging from the manga's conclusion, which has since spurred extensive discussions among fans regarding its effectiveness and thematic relevance compared to the source material.
Additionally, the anime received praise for its score, composed by Michiru Oshima, which enhanced the emotional depth of various scenes. The dexterity in blending action and moral questions allowed it to navigate complex topics without sacrificing entertainment value.
In summary, this section provides a necessary context for understanding the cultural phenomenon that is Fullmetal Alchemist. By addressing its origins and exploring the anime adaptation, readers gain valuable insights into the narrative intricacies that have defined this iconic series.
Key Themes in Fullmetal Alchemist
The exploration of key themes is crucial to understanding the 2003 adaptation of Fullmetal Alchemist. These themes serve as the backbone of the narrative, providing depth to the characters and poignant messages that resonate with viewers. Integral topics such as the philosophy of equivalent exchange, human flaws, sacrifice, and redemption elevate the series beyond mere entertainment. Instead, they prompt philosophical reflection, encouraging viewers to contemplate profound ethical dilemmas.
The thematic elements within Fullmetal Alchemist interact with each other, creating a tapestry of moral complexity. This complexity fosters a connection with viewers, inviting them to empathize with characters on their journeys. Throughout the series, these themes are brought to life in diverse ways, reflecting the characters’ internal struggles and the consequences of their actions. As such, understanding these themes enhances appreciation for the narrative's craftsmanship and artistic direction.
The Philosophy of Equivalent Exchange
The concept of equivalent exchange is a fundamental principle embedded in the Fullmetal Alchemist universe. It asserts that in order to gain something, one must sacrifice something of equal value. This theme serves not only as a plot device but also as a philosophical question about the nature of sacrifice and morality. The characters frequently grapple with what they are willing to give up, making choices that echo the series' core tenet.
This philosophy reflects wider societal views on trade-offs and personal responsibility. It conveys that actions carry consequences, and the implications of those decisions can ripple through lives. Edward and Alphonse Elric's quest to restore their bodies reflects this struggle. They face grim realities — loss and redemption are constant companions in their journey. Their choices underscore the burden of equivalent exchange, compelling viewers to ponder their own life decisions.
Humanity and Its Flaws
Another significant theme in Fullmetal Alchemist is the exploration of human flaws. Characters exhibit a spectrum of imperfections, from arrogance to moral ambiguity, illustrating the intricate nature of humanity. This theme is notably represented through the antagonists, who often embody exaggerated versions of these flaws.
The series examines how personal failings lead to dramatic conflicts. For instance, characters like Scar and Father reflect how vengeance or the drive for absolute power can corrupt one's values. These portrayals suggest that acknowledging flaws is a part of the human condition.
Rather than vilifying their characters, the series encourages viewers to find compassion, presenting a nuanced reflection on humanity's potential for growth and redemption.
Sacrifice and Redemption
Sacrifice and redemption are interwoven themes that shape the narrative arc of Fullmetal Alchemist. The characters' journeys often hinge on their willingness to sacrifice for a greater good, showcasing the intricate balance between self-interest and altruism. Edward and Alphonse Elric's journey is marked by such sacrifices, as they encounter painful truths about what it means to strive for redemption.
Redemption is not merely about atonement; it's also about the path taken to achieve it. This theme is evident in characters who seek forgiveness or strive to correct past wrongs. Their developments highlight the complexities and challenges of personal transformation.
This exploration leads viewers to question their own experiences with sacrifice. The series holds a mirror to society, prompting reflection on what individuals are willing to sacrifice for love, family, or ideals. Overall, Fullmetal Alchemist provides a rich canvas for discerning viewers to contemplate these profound themes and their implications in real life.
"In the end, the journey of sacrifice leads to the understanding of oneself and the power of human connection."
Through these key themes, Fullmetal Alchemist delivers an engaging narrative that encourages critical thought. The series elevates itself as not just an anime but a philosophical inquiry into the essence of humanity.
Character Analysis
Character analysis plays a crucial role in understanding the depth of Fullmetal Alchemist. This section highlights how characters serve as vessels for themes and moral questions within the narrative. By delving into their personal conflicts and relationships, viewers discern the series' philosophical themes and societal critiques. Moreover, character development drives the plot, making it pivotal to the series' emotional resonance. A nuanced analysis of the main and supporting characters can illustrate the intricate world-building that defines the 2003 adaptation.
Edward Elric: The Reluctant Protagonist
Edward Elric, the series' central character, embodies the theme of sacrifice. His journey begins with a tragic event: the failed attempt to resurrect his mother through alchemy. This traumatic experience shapes his character, pushing him to seek the Philosopher’s Stone to restore what he lost. Edward exhibits a strong sense of responsibility, often placing the needs of others above his own desires.
His character is relatable, displaying both strength and vulnerability. While he possesses remarkable alchemical abilities, he is also burdened by guilt and regret. These contrasting traits make him a compelling protagonist. Edward’s growth and evolving understanding of his flaws help illustrate the broader theme of redemption in the series, making his character indispensable to the narrative.
Alphonse Elric: The Lost Innocence
Alphonse Elric, Edward's younger brother, represents innocence lost. Initially, he is portrayed as a wise and kind-hearted character, despite his physical form being reduced to a suit of armor. Alphonse’s situation provokes questions about identity and the essence of humanity. Does he retain his humanity without his original body? This query resonates deeply within the viewer, emphasizing the existential themes at play.
His unwavering loyalty to Edward illustrates the bond of brotherhood, further enriching the emotional landscape of the series. Alphonse's character challenges the notion of physicality, suggesting that one's essence is not tied to one's appearance. As the narrative progresses, his struggles to understand his existence provide a poignant counterbalance to Edward’s more externally focused journey.
Supporting Characters of Significance
Roy Mustang
Roy Mustang serves as a mentor figure to Edward and Alphonse, showcasing the complexities of leadership and the burden of authority. His key characteristic is his ambition to become the Führer. This ambition not only drives his actions but also places him in an ethical quandary, balancing personal dreams with the responsibilities of a leader in a colonial military system. His flames of ambition contrast sharply against the backdrop of wars and suffering produced by the state. Mustang's character brings multiple layers to the narrative, making him essential.
Maes Hughes
Maes Hughes is another pivotal supporting character whose fate carries significant emotional weight. Hughes embodies friendship, loyalty, and the darker sides of governmental intrigue. His unique feature is his devotion to his family, providing a stark contrast to the main characters' quest for their own redemption. Hughes’ tragically short arc profoundly impacts both Edward and the viewers. His death serves as a turning point within the plot, showcasing the harsh realities of war and politics.
Riza Hawkeye
Riza Hawkeye, Mustang's trusted lieutenant, is vital for her strategic mind and unwavering loyalty. She represents strength amidst chaos. Riza's unique feature is her ability to maintain composure even in perilous situations. This trait is essential within the context of military operations and the personal battles faced by the main characters. Additionally, her backstory with Mustang introduces layers of emotional complexity, enriching the interpersonal dynamics within the series. Riza's presence reinforces themes of loyalty and sacrifice, making her a key figure in advancing the narrative's moral framework.
Plot Structure and Story Arcs
The plot structure and story arcs in the 2003 adaptation of Fullmetal Alchemist are vital in shaping its narrative depth and emotional resonance. The anime is well-regarded for its ability to impart life lessons and ethical dilemmas through a structured progression of events. Each story arc serves to develop not only the main plot but also the characters involved, providing viewers with a cohesive experience. A detailed analysis of the plot structure helps illustrate how the series interweaves key themes with character development, enhancing the overall viewing experience. Understanding these elements highlights how the series impactful storytelling has contributed to its cultural significance.
Initial Set-Up and Exposition
The initial set-up and exposition establish a foundation for the narrative, introducing key characters and their motivations. The series begins by outlining the tragic backstory of the Elric brothers, Edward and Alphonse, who suffer from the consequences of their failed human transmutation attempt. This inciting incident effectively sets the tone, creating an environment full of struggle, determination, and desire for redemption. Through this introductory phase, audiences gain insight into the brothers' personalities and their complex relationship.
Important elements include:
- Context of the world of alchemy
- The ethical implications surrounding its practice
- The consequences of the brothers' actions that motivate their quest
Rising Action and Conflict Development
As the narrative progresses, rising action takes center stage, filled with conflicts that drive the story forward. The brothers face numerous obstacles as they pursue the Philosopher's Stone in hopes of restoring their bodies. Each encounter introduces new characters and deepens existing relationships, culminating in a multi-layered conflict involving moral choices and societal issues.
Key aspects to note:
- Ethical quandaries posed by the Philosopher's Stone
- The tension between personal ambition and collective welfare
- Evolution of antagonistic forces, particularly father figures and their associated ideals
Climax and Resolution Analysis
The climax of the series represents the apex of conflict and character development. Key events converge, raising the stakes for Edward and Alphonse. It becomes increasingly apparent that the resolution will not only dictate the fate of the Elric brothers but also unveil critical truths about their journey. The conclusion navigates through themes of sacrifice, forgiveness, and the realization of the true cost of ambition.
In summary, the resolution offers:
- Closure on personal arcs with emotional weight
- Reflection on the series’ overarching themes and philosophies
- An invitation for viewers to ponder the implications of the story beyond the screen
The structured approach to plot and story arcs in Fullmetal Alchemist reveals the intricate bond between narrative progression and character development, leading to a lasting impact that continues to resonate within the anime community.
Artistic and Animation Techniques
Artistic and animation techniques form a core aspect of the 2003 adaptation of Fullmetal Alchemist. They contribute significantly to the storytelling, character expression, and overall viewer engagement. This section delves into the visual style, character design, and the quality of animation employed in the series. Understanding these techniques offers deeper insights into how the creators successfully convey complex emotional narratives, enhance thematic elements, and engage audiences.
Visual Style and Character Design
The visual style of Fullmetal Alchemist stands out within the anime genre. The creators focused on a somewhat gritty aesthetic that reflects the darker themes present throughout the narrative. The character designs are not just unique but also meticulously crafted to reflect the personality and circumstances of each character. For instance, Edward Elric features a distinct appearance with his tousled blonde hair and automail arm, creating a visual representation of his struggles and his journey.
Elements in character design allow for immediate recognition while also conveying deeper meanings. For example, Alphonse Elric’s fully armored appearance symbolizes his lost humanity and his quest for identity. Supporting characters like Roy Mustang and Riza Hawkeye are also visually unique. Their designs highlight their roles as military figures while incorporating features that express their individual traits.
The use of color plays a vital role as well. The palette chosen complements the mood of each scene, ranging from muted earth tones to more vibrant colors during moments of heightened emotion. This meticulous attention to visual style solidifies the connection between the audience and the characters, ultimately enhancing their emotional investment in the storyline.
Animation Quality and Techniques
The animation quality in the 2003 Fullmetal Alchemist adaptation is notable for several reasons. First, the fluidity of movement helps to convey action sequences effectively. Each fight scene showcases dynamic choreography and meticulous attention to detail, allowing moments of intense confrontation to feel realistic and impactful.
Moreover, different animation techniques are used to elevate the storytelling. The combination of 2D hand-drawn animation with digital enhancements allows for a polished look. Techniques such as varying frame rates give emphasis to significant moments, contributing to an overall sense of timing that enhances viewer engagement.
The creators also utilized innovative lighting and shading to create depth in scenes. This technique offers a more three-dimensional feel to characters and environments, making the settings more immersive. Even background movement is given attention, ensuring that the world feels alive and intertwined with the ongoing narrative.
In summary, the artistry and animation techniques in the 2003 adaptation of Fullmetal Alchemist serve not just aesthetic purposes. They actively contribute to character development and theme exploration, ensuring that the audience is captivated from beginning to end.
"The animation quality and artistic detail in Fullmetal Alchemist exemplifies the dedication of the creators and the impact it has on emotional engagement."
These aspects of the adaptation demonstrate how technical proficiency can enhance storytelling, setting a benchmark in anime artistry.
The Soundtrack and Audio Elements
The soundtrack of any anime plays a pivotal role in shaping its overall impact. In the case of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003, the music enhances the emotional depth and supports the narrative arc. The work of composer Akira Senju is notable for its ability to intertwine with the story's themes and character development. From the stirring opening themes to the somber background music, every audio element is crafted to complement the visuals and dialogue. This section elaborates on two critical aspects—theme songs and background music—which together create an unforgettable auditory experience.
Theme Songs and Opening Sequences
The opening sequence of Fullmetal Alchemist is striking, featuring the song "Again" by Yui. This theme song not only sets the tone for the series, but it also encapsulates key emotional themes. The lyrics are reflective, capturing the struggles of the protagonists, Edward and Alphonse Elric. The visuals during the opening sequence provide a quick overview of the series, hinting at both the action and profound themes that will unfold.
Another significant theme song is "Melissa" by L'Arc~en~Ciel. This song serves as the initial opening and plays an important role in establishing the series' identity. Both songs exemplify how musically driven narratives can influence viewer perception. The energy and emotion present in these opening sequences invite the audience into the world of Fullmetal Alchemist, fostering anticipation.
Background Music and Its Impact
Background music in Fullmetal Alchemist is finely tuned to enhance every scene's emotional weight. The score varies, adapting to amplify moments of tension, joy, or sorrow. Tracks like "The Real Me" signify the climax scenes with intensity, while softer melodies accompany quieter, introspective moments among characters. Through careful orchestration, Akira Senju allows viewers to feel the weight of each scene more deeply.
The use of silence is also notable. In some critical moments, the absence of music accentuates the gravity of the situation. This technique sparks a visceral reaction, encouraging viewers to absorb the gravity of significant plot points. The combination of compelling visuals and expertly crafted soundscapes demonstrates the importance of audio in storytelling, showcasing how it elevates the Fullmetal Alchemist experience.
"Music is tailored to serve the narrative, creating an auditory canvas that reflects emotional complexity."
Comparison with the Manga
The examination of the 2003 adaptation of Fullmetal Alchemist in relation to its original manga is vital for understanding the artistic choices made by the creators. This comparison highlights how narrative elements have changed and the implications these changes have on character development and overall themes. The manga, written and illustrated by Hiromu Arakawa, is known for its intricate plot and deeper philosophical exploration, while the anime adaptation took a different approach mid-series, favoring original storylines. This divergence offers fans and scholars of anime and manga insight into adaptation processes, including how entertainment can be tailored for broader audiences.
In this section, two significant aspects will be discussed: the key differences in plot and characterization and the artistic liberties that the creators embraced during adaptation.
Differences in Plot and Characterization
The narrative distinctions between the Fullmetal Alchemist manga and its 2003 anime version are pronounced and reflect creative decision-making that aimed to explore themes differently. In the manga, the story maintains a consistent trajectory and preserves plot points to build upon characters' depth comprehensively. In contrast, the anime introduces new characters and diverging story arcs, particularly after the initial episodes.
- The pacing of the plots diverges. The manga allows for a more gradual unveiling of lore, while the anime accelerates conflicts to maintain viewer engagement.
- Significant characters, such as Scar and Father, are portrayed with variations. In the manga, they have intricate backgrounds and motivations, whereas, in the anime, some complexity is lost or simplified for quicker storytelling.
- The sibling relationship between Edward and Alphonse Elric takes on different shades. The manga explores their emotional struggles and growth with more nuance, shaping their identities significantly.
In summary, these differences impact how audiences perceive the core message of sacrifice, friendship, and the pursuit of knowledge. Readers of the manga often find a richer, more textured experience compared to viewers of the anime, who may focus on immediate storytelling and entertainment.
Adaptation Choices and Artistic Liberties
Adaptation requires balancing fidelity to source material with innovation. The 2003 Fullmetal Alchemist, while retaining some essence of the manga, opted for artistic liberties that fundamentally shifted narrative direction. These choices had distinct effects on themes and character portrayals.
- New Characters and Story Arcs: New figures such as the Homunculi are introduced, altering dynamics. While some characters in the manga have detailed histories, the anime tends to present their purposes in a more straightforward manner.
- Theme Exploration: Issues like war, ethics in science, and human connection are explored differently. The anime leans toward more dramatic interpretations, often foregoing subtlety for emotional impact.
- Ending’s Variation: The climactic resolution between the two mediums diverges vastly. The anime concludes with an original ending not found in the manga, offering a unique interpretation that can be both intriguing and confounding for devoted fans of the original story.
Cultural Impact of the Series
The cultural impact of the 2003 adaptation of Fullmetal Alchemist is profound and multifaceted. It shapes perceptions of anime in the global landscape and contributes to discussions about storytelling and thematic exploration in the medium. Recognizing this impact is key to understanding the series' relevance and how it resonates with audiences.
Reception Within Anime Fandom
Upon its release, Fullmetal Alchemist quickly captured the attention of viewers. The anime was celebrated for its intricate plot, rich characters, and philosophical underpinnings. Fans appreciated how the series balanced action with emotional depth.
Critical acclaim was widespread, leading to awards and nominations that solidified its status within anime fandom. Viewers found themselves drawn to the characters, especially Edward and Alphonse Elric. The complexity of their interactions and struggles created a strong emotional bond with the audience.
Online discussions surged around the series, especially on platforms like Reddit, where fans actively engaged in debates and theories regarding character motivations and plot twists. Such discourse contributed to a larger community of enthusiasts who analyzed every detail of the series. The impact of Fullmetal Alchemist on fandom culture is evident in the continued celebration of its artistry and themes.
Influence on Subsequent Anime Productions
The 2003 adaptation laid a foundation for storytelling in anime that many creators have sought to emulate. Its successful blend of action and deeper philosophical questions prompted subsequent works to explore similar themes.
Many anime following Fullmetal Alchemist adopted approaches that prioritize character development and moral ambiguity. The series set a standard for how narratives could handle complex issues, such as sacrifice, redemption, and the consequences of ambition.
Animation quality also influenced the industry. Creators aimed to reach the high standards established by Fullmetal Alchemist, prioritizing not only visual aesthetics but also the emotional resonance of animation. This shift has resulted in a wave of anime that foregrounds these qualities, contributing to the evolution of the genre.
"Fullmetal Alchemist is not just an anime but a benchmark that reshaped expectations for character-driven stories in the anime industry."
In summary, the cultural impact of the 2003 Fullmetal Alchemist adaptation is evident in its reception within the anime fandom and its influence on subsequent productions. It remains a touchstone for discussions about thematic depth and character development in anime, showcasing the medium's potential for complexity and engagement.
Closure
The conclusion of this article serves as a vital summary and reflection on the essence of the 2003 adaptation of Fullmetal Alchemist. The anime has left an indelible mark on the landscape of anime and manga storytelling. It is essential to recognize how this adaptation not only captivated audiences but also influenced the genre significantly. By analyzing its thematic richness, artistic choices, and character arcs, this article underscores the importance of exploring these elements in greater depth.
Final Thoughts on the Adaptation
Reflecting on the 2003 adaptation, it is clear that its ability to weave complex narratives with relatable characters sets it apart as a masterpiece. The blend of deep philosophical themes, such as the notion of equivalence and sacrifice, resonates strongly. Moreover, the character development of Edward and Alphonse Elric provides not just entertainment but also a profound connection that allows viewers to engage with their struggles and growth.
The creators successfully captured the spirit of the original manga while making necessary adjustments that suited the anime format. This balance between fidelity to the source material and creative liberty in storytelling defines the essence of the 2003 adaptation. It highlights the capability of anime to tackle profound themes and complex emotions, showing that animated storytelling can transcend boundaries.
Legacy and Lasting Significance
As we look at the legacy of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003, its impact continues to resonate within the anime community. The series has set a benchmark in character-driven narratives and robust world-building, influencing subsequent anime productions. Many viewers regard it not only as an unforgettable watch but also as a foundational piece that shaped their later interests in anime.
The series has transcended mere entertainment and has become a cultural phenomenon. Fans discuss its themes on platforms such as Reddit, delving into philosophical questions raised by the story. Its influence can also be seen in the storytelling techniques adopted by newer anime series, which often cite Fullmetal Alchemist as a reference.
Moreover, the enduring popularity of the franchise, evidenced by continued discussions and fan community engagements on platforms like Facebook, signifies its lasting significance. It remains a cornerstone in the anime genre, prompting new generations to explore its depths. The exploration of moral ambiguity, human flaws, and the consequences of one's actions ensures that Fullmetal Alchemist will remain relevant in discussions about not just anime, but storytelling in general.
"Anime isn't a genre; it's a medium that holds countless stories that can inspire, challenge, and transform viewers."
